The present study complements current firm—nongovernment organization (NGO) literature by emphasizing the influence of managerial cognition on organizational behavior. In particular, I find that NGOs confront or seek to collaborate with other NGOs or with firms to appear as legitimate actors before selected third parties and as a way to access various sources of funds. By contrast, firm managers interacting with these NGOs are fundamentally concerned with achieving social stability so that their organizations can operate undisturbed. These different goals give rise to considerably dissimilar mental representations of the same reality—representations that subsequently inform strategic action by both types of actors.
Bartley, T. ( 2007). Institutional emergence in an era of globalization: The rise of transnational private regulation of labor and environmental conditions . American Journal of Sociology, 113, 297-351.
4.
Bernard, H.R. ( 1995). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Boster, J.S., & Johnson, J.C. ( 1989). Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish. American Anthropologist, 91, 866-889.
7.
Boster, J.S., Johnson, J.C., & Weller, S.C. ( 1987). Social position and shared knowledge: Actors’ perceptions of status, role, and social structure. Social Networks, 9, 375-387.
8.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. ( 1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9.
Bourgeois, L.J. ( 1985). Strategic goals, perceived uncertainty, and economic performance in volatile environments. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 548-573.
10.
Bravo, E., Martinez, E., Yanez, I., & Boedt, P. (Eds.). (2006). Between dream and memory: 10 years of struggle, 10 years of resistance. Quito, Ecuador: Oilwatch.
11.
Burton, M., & Nerlove, S.B. ( 1976). Balanced designs for triad tests: Two examples from English . Social Science Research, 5, 247-267.
12.
Cyert, R.M., & March, J.G. ( 1963). Behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
13.
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. ( 1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
14.
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L.E. ( 1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65-91.
Gavetti, G., & Levinthal, D. ( 2000). Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1), 113-137.
21.
Hannan, M., & Freeman, J. ( 1989). Organizations and social structure. In Organizational ecology (Ch. 1, pp. 3-27). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22.
Harris, M. ( 1979). The epistemology of cultural materialism. Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture (pp. 29-45). New York: Random House.
23.
Hodgkinson, G.P. ( 2005). Images of competitive space: A study of managerial and organizational strategic cognition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
24.
Hodgkinson, G.P., & Johnson, G. ( 1994). Exploring the mental models of competitive strategists: The case for a processual approach. Journal of Management Studies, 31, 525-551.
25.
Huff, A. S. (Ed.). (1990). Mapping strategic thought. New York: John Wiley.
26.
Kimerling, J. ( 1993). Crudo Amazonico. Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala.
27.
Kimerling, J. ( 1996). El derecho del tambor. Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala.
28.
Krackhardt, D. ( 1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition and power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly , 35, 342-369.
29.
Lamertz, K., Heugens, P.P.M. A. R., & Calmet, L. (2005). The configuration of organizational images among firms in the Canadian beer brewing industry. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 817-843.
30.
Laukkanen, M. ( 1994). Comparative cause mapping of organizational cognitions . Organization Science, 5, 322-343.
31.
Mahon, J.F., Heugens, P.P.M. A. R., & Lamertz, K. (2003). Social networks and nonmarket strategy. Journal of Public Affairs, 4, 170-189.
32.
Mahon, J.F., & Waddock, S. ( 1992). Strategic issues management: An integration of issue life cycle perspectives. Business & Society, 31(1), 19-32.
33.
Maldonado, A. (Ed.). (2004). La manera Occidental de extraer petroleo: La OXY en Colombia, Ecuador y Peru . Quito, Ecuador: Oilwatch.
34.
Maldonado, A., & Almeida, A. (Eds.). (2006). Atlas Amazonico del Ecuador: Agresiones y resistencias. Quito, Ecuador: Accion Ecologica.
35.
Maldonado, A., & Narvaez, A. ( 2005). Ecuador ni es, ni sera ya, pais amazonico. Quito, Ecuador: Accion Ecologica.
Marx, A. ( 2008). Limits to non-state market regulation: A qualitative comparative analysis of the international sport footwear industry and the Fair Labor Association. Regulation & Governance, 2, 253-273.
38.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. ( 1998). Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management. New York: The Free Press .
39.
Nadkarni, S., & Barr, P. ( 2008). Environmental context, managerial cognition, and strategic action: An integrated view. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 1385-1427.
40.
O’Rourke, D. ( 2005). Market movements: Nongovernmental organization strategies to influence global production and consumption. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(1-2), 115-128.
41.
Orru, M., Biggart, N.W., & Hamilton, G.G. (1991). Organizational isomorphism in East Asia. In W. Powell & P. J. Dimaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 361-389). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42.
Porac, J.F., & Thomas, H. ( 1990). Taxonomic mental models in competitor definition. Academy of Management Review, 15, 224-240.
43.
Porac, J.F., Thomas, H., & Badenfuller, C. (1989). Competitive groups as cognitive communities: The case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers. Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416.
44.
Reger, R., & Huff, A.S. ( 1993). Strategic groups: A cognitive perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), 103-123.
45.
Rowley, T.J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2003). When will stakeholder groups act? An interest and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization . Academy of Management Review, 28, 204-219.
46.
Salamon, L.M., & Anheier, H.K. ( 1997). The civil society sector. Society, 34(2), 60-65.
47.
Scott, W.R. ( 1991). Unpacking institutional arguments. In W. Powell & P. J. Dimaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 164-182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48.
Spar, D.L., & La Mure, L.T. ( 2003). The power of activism: Assessing the impact of NGOs on global business. California Management Review, 45(3), 78-101.
49.
Teegen, H., Doh, J.P., & Vachani, S. ( 2004). The importance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in global governance and value creation: An international business research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 463-483.
50.
Tegarden, D.P., & Sheetz, S.D. ( 2003). Group cognitive mapping: A methodology and system for capturing and evaluating managerial and organizational cognition. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 31(2), 113-125.
51.
Vakil, A.C. ( 1997). Confronting the classification problem: Toward a taxonomy of NGOs. World Development, 25, 2050-2070.
52.
van Tulder, R., & van der Zwart, A. (2006). International business-society management: Linking corporate responsibility and globalization. New York: Routledge.
53.
Varea, A. ( 1995). La explotacion petrolera en el Ecuador: Historia e impactos socioambientales. In A. Varea & P. Ortiz (Eds.), Marea Negra en la Amazonia (Capitulo III, pp. 71-88). Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala.
54.
Vogel, D. ( 2006). The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
55.
Walsh, J.P. ( 1995). Managerial and organizational cognition: Notes from a trip down memory lane. Organization Science, 6, 280-321.
56.
Weller, S.C., & Romney, K.A. ( 1988). Systematic data collection. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
57.
Wolfe, R.A., & Putler, D.S. ( 2002). How tight are the ties that bind stakeholder groups? Organization Science, 13(1), 64-80.
