This paper examines several conceptual frameworks that can inform elementary career intervention programming. Equity, social justice, and the development of intrinsic motivation are key concepts in the promotion of social action initiatives aimed at improving academic achievement and expanding future career options for all students. Early career interventions provide the ideal venue for prevention efforts in elementary schools. Relevant career theory forms the basis for the design and delivery of elementary career intervention programming.
Beale, A.V. (2000). Elementary school career awareness: A visit to a hospital. Journal of Career Development, 27, 65-73.
2.
Beale, A.V. (2003). It takes a team to run a restaurant: Introducing elementary students to the interrelatedness of occupations. Journal of Career Development, 29, 211-220.
3.
Blustein, D., Phillips, S., Jobin-Davis, K., Finkelberg, S., & Roake, A. (1997). A theory building investigation of the school-to-work transition. The Counseling Psychologist, 25,364-402.
4.
Brathwaite, A.D. (2002). A way with words: A unique approach to literacy and career development. Journal of Career Development, 28, 221-225.
5.
Campbell, C.A., & Dahir, C.A. (1997). The national standards for school counseling programs . Alexandria, VA: American School Counselor Association.
6.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum .
7.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
8.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
9.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem . In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-49). New York: Plenum.
10.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2002). The paradox of achievement: The harder you push, the worse it gets. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education (pp. 62-90), San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
11.
Drier, H.N. (2000). Special issue introduction: Career and life planning key feature within comprehensive guidance programs. Journal of Career Development, 27, 73-80.
12.
Evans, J.H., & Burck, H.D. (1992). The effects of career education interventions on academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 63-68.
13.
Fouad, N. (1997). School-to-work transition: Voice from an implementer . The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 403-412.
14.
Gerler, E.R. (1985). Elementary school counseling research and classroom learning environment. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling , 20, 39-48.
15.
Gordon, E. (1999). Education and justice: A view from the back of the bus. New York: Teachers College Press.
16.
Gottfredson, L. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 545-579.
17.
Gysbers, N.C. (1997). Involving counseling psychology in the school-to-work movement: An Idea whose time has come. The Counseling Psychologist , 25, 413-427.
18.
Gysbers, N.C., & Henderson, P. (2000). Developing and managing your school guidance program (3rd ed.), Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
19.
Jalongo, M.R. (1989). Career education. Childhood Education , 66, 108-115.
20.
Johnson, L.S. (2000). The relevance of school to career: A study in student awareness. Journal of Career Development, 26, 263-276.
21.
Lee, R.S. (1993). Effects of classroom guidance on student achievement . Elementary Guidance and Counseling, 27, 163-171.
22.
Magnuson, C.S., & Starr, M.F. (2000). How early is too early to begin life career planning? The importance of the elementary school years. Journal of Career Development, 27, 89-101.
23.
McWhirter, J.J., McWhirter, B.T., McWhirter, A.M., & McWhirter, E.H. (1994). High- and low-risk characteristics of youth: The five C's of competency. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 28, 188-196.
24.
McWhirter, J.J., McWhirter, B.T., McWhirter, A.M., & McWhirter, E.H. (1998). At-risk youth: A comprehensive response. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
25.
Miller, J. (1977). Career development needs of 9-year-olds: How to improve career development programs. Washington, DC: National Advisory Council for Career Education.
26.
National Center for Educational Statistics. ( 1999). Dropout rates in the United States, 1999 (Statistical Analysis Report: NCES 2001-022). Washington, DC: Author.
27.
Ryan, R., Deci, E., & Grolnick, W. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods (pp. 618-655). New York: Wiley.
28.
Solberg, V.S., Howard, K.A., Blustein, D.L., & Close, W. (2002). Career development in the schools: Connecting School-to-work-to-life. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 705-725.
29.
Starr, M.F. (1996). Comprehensive guidance and systematic educational and career planning: Why a K-12 approach?Journal of Career Development, 23, 9-22.
30.
Super, D. (1953). A theory of vocational development. American Psychologist, 8, 185-190.
31.
Super, D.E. (1957). The psychology of careers. New York, NY: Harper & Bros.
32.
Super, D. (1980). A life-span, life-space, approach to career development . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 282-298.
33.
Super, D.E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development . In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (2nd ed., pp. 197-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
34.
Super, D.E., Savickas, M.L., & Super, C.M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers . In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
35.
Worthington, R., & Juntunen, C. (1997). The vocational development of non-college-bound youth: Counseling psychology and the school-to-work transition movement. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 323-363.